犹太裔美国人认为，在即将到来的以色列选举中，他们有很多利益攸关的事情，因为中东冲突已经持续了三年，在美国各地引发了情绪波动，从街头抗议到中期选举竞争。
Jewish Americans feel they have a lot at stake in the upcoming elections in Israel as three years of Mideast conflicts rile up emotions across the United States, from street protests to the midterm races.
GIOVANNA DELL'ORTO 纽约 — 犹太裔美国人认为，在这个月充满争议的以色列选举中，他们有很多利益攸关的事情，因为中东冲突已经持续了三年，在美国各地引发了情绪波动，从街头抗议到中期选举竞争。但他们在政治、宗教和常常是代际的分歧上意见分歧明显，对投票的首选结果持不同看法，而这场投票被视为对本雅明·内塔尼亚胡总理的公投，并且是在2023年10月7日哈马斯领导的袭击所造成的持续创伤背景下进行的，该袭击引发了加沙战争。
GIOVANNA DELL'ORTO NEW YORK — Jewish Americans feel they have a lot at stake in this month’s contentious elections in Israel as three years of Mideast conflicts rile up emotions across the United States, from street protests to the midterm races But they are sharply divided along political, religious and often generational lines on the preferred outcome in a vote that’s perceived as a referendum on Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and held against the backdrop of the enduring trauma of the Oct. 7, 2023 Hamas-led attack, which triggered the war in Gaza Netanyahu’s supporters, especially among Orthodox Jews, believe he’s protecting a country they love as central to their identity.
内塔尼亚胡的支持者，尤其是正统犹太人中的人们，认为他正在保护一个对他们身份至关重要的国家。许多自由派和年轻的犹太裔美国人认为，他的政策已经损害了以色列在全球的形象，引发了广泛的愤怒，这种愤怒也威胁到了他们在美国的安全。
Many liberal and younger Jewish Americans believe his policies have harmed Israel’s global standing, engendering widespread anger that threatens them in the U.S., too.
这一时刻尤其紧张，因为反犹太主义和反犹太暴力正在增长。即使是对内塔尼亚胡行为的严厉批评者，无论是关于加沙还是被占领西岸的以色列定居者暴力，也认为针对犹太人的袭击的责任不能完全归咎于他。
The moment is particularly fraught as antisemitism and antisemitic violence grow Even harsh critics of Netanyahu’s actions, whether over Gaza or Israeli settler violence in the occupied West Bank argue that blame for attacks against Jews can’t solely be laid at his feet.
“许多美国犹太人真的很纠结。他们想从屋顶上喊出来，‘停止在西岸的屠杀’，但也想对所有人喊，‘停止对以色列的种族灭绝指控和双重标准’，”佛罗里达州博卡拉顿的伯利恒犹太教堂拉比丹·莱文说。
“A lot of American Jews are really torn. They want to shout from the rooftops, ‘Stop the pogroms in the West Bank,’ but also yell at everybody, ‘Stop with allegations of genocide and double standards against Israel,’” said Rabbi Dan Levin of Temple Beth El in Boca Raton, Florida.
以色列对犹太裔美国人的身份很重要。莱文所在的大型改革派犹太教堂是美国全国许多举办今年秋季教育项目的犹太教堂之一，因为教友们感到“对以色列选举深感情感投入”，尽管作为非公民，他们无法投票。
Israel is important to Jewish Americans’ identity Levin’s large Reform synagogue is one of many across the U.S. hosting educational programs this fall because congregants feel “deeply emotionally invested” in the Israeli elections, even if, as non-citizens, they can’t vote.
在以色列复杂的多党政治体制下，10月27日的选举结果难以预测。民意调查显示，由内塔尼亚胡领导的集团与反对派联盟之间的竞争异常激烈，双方都在争夺政府的控制权。
Under Israel’s complex, multiparty political system, the Oct. 27 election outcome is impossible to forecast. Polls suggest a tight race between a Netanyahu-led bloc and an alliance of rivals for control of the government.
许多犹太裔美国人在以色列有朋友和家人。更广泛地说，对以色列的支持是许多45岁及以上的美国犹太成年人宗教身份的关键组成部分，特别是那些在最近的美联社-NORC民意调查中自认属于宗教犹太人的人。美国最大的犹太教派别是改革犹太教，它强调进步价值观。许多改革犹太人认为，他们的自由主义与锡安主义之间没有矛盾——正如改革犹太教联盟拉比乔什·温伯格所说，锡安主义被理解为“犹太人渴望在自己的土地上作为自由人生活”的愿景。该联盟是北美超过800座改革犹太教堂的伞形组织。
Many Jewish Americans have Israeli friends and family. More broadly, support for Israel is a key component of the religious identity of many U.S. Jewish adults ages 45 and older, particularly those who identify as religiously Jewish according to a recent AP-NORC poll The largest Jewish denomination in the United States is Reform which emphasizes progressive values. Many Reform Jews see no contradiction between their liberalism and their Zionism — understood as the Jewish people’s aspiration “to live as a free people in our land,” said Rabbi Josh Weinberg of the Union for Reform Judaism, an umbrella group for more than 800 Reform synagogues in North America.
但他们担心以色列政治和宗教生活中正统派犹太教的影响力日益增长，以及定居政策和对约旦河西岸巴勒斯坦人的待遇，他们认为这些与他们的价值观相悖，温伯格补充道。
But they worry about the growing power of the ultra-Orthodox in Israel’s political and religious life, as well as settlement policies and the treatment of Palestinians in the West Bank, that they perceive as contrary to their values, Weinberg added.
“如果内塔尼亚胡获胜，我非常担心美国犹太人的年轻一代可能会继续感到，我委婉地说，失望，他们可能只会说‘好吧，就这样。我对以色列失望了，’”他说。
“If Netanyahu wins, I worry very much about the young generation of American Jews who may continue to be, I’ll put it nicely, disenchanted, and who might just say ‘OK, that’s it. I’m giving up on Israel,’” he said.
根据美联社-NORC民意调查，在美国，只有大约4成45岁以下的宗教犹太成年人表示，支持以色列对他们的犹太身份“极其”或“非常”重要，他们更倾向于优先考虑其他形式的联系，比如庆祝犹太节日。
Only about 4 in 10 religious Jewish adults under 45 in the United States say that supporting Israel is “extremely” or “very” important for their Jewish identity, prioritizing instead other forms of connection, like celebrating Jewish holidays according to the AP-NORC poll.
反犹太主义是一个关键关切。在同一项民意调查中，多数犹太成年人表示，美国当前对犹太人的偏见是一个“极其”或“非常”严重的问题。
Antisemitism is a key concern In the same poll, a majority of Jewish adults said prejudice against Jewish people is an “extremely” or “very” serious problem in the United States today.
随着以色列选举的临近，许多社区正在担心其对反犹太主义的影响。
As the Israeli elections approach, many communities are worrying about their effects on antisemitism.
“一些美国犹太人认为，如果以色列总理的风格有所不同，更像过去那些不断谈论和平愿望的总理，那么美国犹太人自身被看待的方式也会改变，”布兰迪斯大学美国犹太史荣誉退休教授乔纳森·萨尔纳说。
“Some American Jews believe a different style of prime minister, one more similar to earlier ones who constantly talked about the desire for peace, will change the way American Jews themselves are viewed,” said Jonathan Sarna, professor emeritus of American Jewish History at Brandeis University.
然而，即使是内塔尼亚胡的批评者也不相信，以色列更换政府就能制止反犹太主义行为，尤其是当人们对其政府对待巴勒斯坦人的行动感到愤怒时，这种愤怒被用来煽动对所有犹太人的暴力，无论其国籍或政治立场如何。
Even Netanyahu critics, however, don’t believe antisemitic acts would stop if Israel changes its government, especially when outrage at his administration’s actions toward Palestinians is used to incite violence against all Jews regardless of nationality or political leanings.
“‘只有一个解决方案，那就是起义革命’——我们听到这句话时，觉得这是在呼吁人们起来对犹太人使用暴力，”温伯格谈到一句流行的抗议口号时说，该口号指的是巴勒斯坦的暴力起义。“所以当有人在拉马拉这么说时，那是一回事。但当有人在明尼阿波利斯这么说时，他们到底在呼吁什么？这看起来显然是反犹太的。”但也有人认为，不同的以色列政策有助于遏制这种趋势。
“‘There is only one solution, intifada revolution’ — we hear that as a call to rise up and use violence against Jews,” Weinberg said of a popular protest chant referring to the violent Palestinian uprising“So when someone says that in Ramallah, that’s one thing. When someone says that in Minneapolis, what exactly are they calling for? That seems pretty clearly to us antisemitic.”But some think different Israeli policies would help stem the tide.
“有人决定开车冲进犹太教堂或在街上袭击犹太人，那是他们的责任。你不能把这归咎于以色列的行动，”拉比犹太人权组织T’ruah的首席执行官吉尔·雅各布斯说。“但……我认为，如果再次出现内塔尼亚胡政府，并且它继续推行扩张占领、种族清洗和永久战争的政策，那么对全世界的犹太人来说，这将是一个非常可怕的时期。”
“Somebody who decides that they’re going to drive a car into a synagogue or attack Jews on the street, that is their responsibility. You can’t blame that on Israel’s actions,” said Rabbi Jill Jacobs, CEO of T’ruah, a rabbinic human rights organization. “But … I think that it’s going to be a very scary time for Jews around the world if there’s another Netanyahu government and if it continues on its policy of expanding occupation, ethnic cleansing, and forever war.”
来自佛罗里达州的正统派犹太人斯坦利·韦恩斯坦对以色列军队和政策制定的许多批评持反对态度，尤其是考虑到该国面临来自加沙哈马斯等武装组织的威胁，以及其他地区尽管有脆弱的停火协议但仍持续紧张的冲突，包括黎巴嫩与伊朗的冲突。韦恩斯坦认为以色列的安全至关重要，尤其是在他所在的迈阿密海滩这个多元且充满活力的犹太社区中，他观察到左右翼美国政治人物中反以色列和反犹太主义言论的上升。
Stanley Weinstein, an Orthodox Jew from Florida, rejects much of the criticism of the Israeli military and policymaking, especially given the threats the state faces from militant groups like Hamas in Gaza as well as in other conflicts that keep simmering despite tenuous ceasefires, including in Lebanon with Iran Weinstein sees Israel’s security as crucial, especially given the rise in anti-Israel and antisemitic rhetoric among left- and right-wing American political figures that he has observed even from his home in the diverse and vibrant Jewish community of Miami Beach.
“我作为一个美国人感到震惊。我作为一个犹太人感到震惊。我说，感谢上帝，有以色列存在，”他说。
“I am appalled as an American. I am appalled as a Jew. And I say, thank God there is an Israel,” he said.
内塔尼亚胡、特朗普以及关系到团结的紧张选举 对于犹太裔美国人来说，以色列在美国中期选举中也具有重要意义——届时选民将决定谁将控制未来两年的国会。11月3日的选举将在以色列人投票一周后进行。
Netanyahu, Trump and close elections with unity at stake For Jewish Americans, Israel also looms large in the U.S. midterms— when voters decide who controls Congress for the next two years. The Nov. 3 elections come a week after Israelis go to their polls.
从纽约市到密歇根州乃至更远地区，支持巴勒斯坦以及撤销对以色列的美国援助，正成为民主党选民中日益突出的议题。
From New York City Michigan and beyond, support for Palestinians, and withdrawal of U.S. aid to Israel, are rising issues among Democratic voters.
以色列和美国的选举都可能影响两国长期的同盟关系。这种关系一直非常密切——尽管近年来也出现过紧张，尤其是在共同对伊朗的战争问题上——在特朗普和内塔尼亚胡政府时期尤为明显。
Both the Israeli and U.S. elections could affect the two countries’ longstanding alliance. It has been particularly close — though not without recent strains, especially over the joint Iran war— under the Trump and Netanyahu administrations.
即使以色列的一些政策在美国引发争议，美国犹太人中仍对以色列国持有相当程度的支持，美国犹太委员会首席政策官杰森·艾萨克森表示。该委员会是一个著名的倡导组织，致力于在美国及海外广泛代表犹太人。
Even as some Israeli policies have become controversial in the United States, among American Jews there is still substantial support for the state of Israel, said Jason Isaacson, chief policy officer for the American Jewish Committee, a prominent advocacy group that strives to broadly represent Jews in the U.S. and abroad.
“美国人对维持美以关系的支持非常强烈，也认为以色列的生存是必要的，”他说。
“There is strong support for the continuation of the U.S.-Israel relationship and for the necessity of Israel’s survival,” he said.
无论信仰和政治立场如何，一些美国犹太人最担心的是以色列选举可能导致的进一步分裂。
Regardless of their faith and politics, some Jewish Americans are most concerned about the prospect of further divisions driven by Israel’s elections.
“这可能是现代以色列历史上最具后果的选举，因为当前政府的性质充满分裂，以至于正在撕裂人民，”博卡拉顿的改革派拉比莱文说。
“This may be the most consequential election in modern Israeli history, because the nature of the current administration is so fraught with division that it’s ripping the people apart,” said Levin, the Reform rabbi in Boca Raton.
迈阿密海滩的正统派会众温斯坦认为内塔尼亚胡一直在做“出色的工作。”但他对未来也有同样的担忧。
Weinstein, the Orthodox congregant in Miami Beach, believes Netanyahu has been doing “a terrific job.”But he shares the same worry for the future.
“以色列今天最大的问题，而这个问题实际上并不存在，就是团结。对我来说，这就是所面临的关键，”他说。“有没有办法让这个国家团结起来，让人民团结起来？”美联社的宗教报道通过其与《对话》美国版的合作获得支持，资金来自利利捐赠基金会。美联社对该内容负全部责任。
“The biggest issue in Israel today, which doesn’t exist, is unity. To me, that is what is at stake,” he said. “Is there a way to unify the country, unify the people?”Associated Press religion coverage receives support through the AP’s collaboration with The Conversation US, with funding from Lilly Endowment Inc. The AP is solely responsible for this content.