
伊朗的主要石油装卸码头已经空置了数周,这进一步表明美国对伊朗的海上封锁正在严重限制该国的石油出口。
Iran’s main oil-loading terminals have remained empty for weeks, adding to signs that a US naval blockade of the country is throttling Tehran’s exports.
根据船舶追踪数据和欧盟卫星图像的分析,自8月底以来,没有一艘油轮停靠在哈尔格岛(Kharg Island)的原油出口码头。这是自2月份美伊战争爆发以来,该码头持续处于停运状态的最长时期。
No tankers have docked at Kharg Island’s crude-export terminals since late August, an analysis of ship-tracking data and European Union satellite images shows. That’s the longest stretch of inactivity at the island since the start of the US-Iran war in February.
位于波斯湾深处的哈尔格岛之所以没有油轮停靠,反映了自美国三个月前重新实施海上封锁以来伊朗所面临的压力日益加剧。根据彭博社(Bloomberg)以及Kpler和Vortexa公司收集的数据,伊朗的原油出口量已从7月份的每天近100万桶骤降至8月底后的零出口。
The lack of tankers at Kharg, deep inside the Persian Gulf, points to the increasing pressure on Iran since the US renewed its military blockade of the country’s shipping three months ago. Crude exports have plunged from almost 1 million barrels a day in July to nothing since late August, according to vessel-tracking data compiled by Bloomberg and figures from Kpler and Vortexa.
7月份的原油出口主要集中在当月上半月——当时华盛顿与德黑兰达成的停火协议暂时解除了美国的封锁措施。但根据非营利组织“United Against Nuclear Iran”的报告,自7月中旬封锁措施重新实施后,没有一艘装载伊朗原油的油轮能够离开伊朗或周边海域。
July’s loadings were concentrated in the first half of the month, after a ceasefire deal between Washington and Tehran temporarily lifted the US blockade. No tankers laden with Iranian crude have managed to leave the country or nearby waters since the middle of that month, when the shipping ban was reimposed, nonprofit group United Against Nuclear Iran said.
船舶追踪数据显示,截至4月份,伊朗全年共出口了约6.5亿桶原油,其中大部分原油被运往中国。如今,随着伊朗原油逐渐从全球市场消失,中国的炼油企业不得不转向其他原油来源,并与其他买家争夺原油和运输船只。这导致油价飙升,同时也推高了运费。
Iran exported nearly 650 million barrels of crude in the year through April, with most ending up in China, tanker-tracking data show. Now, as Tehran’s oil disappears from global markets, Chinese refiners are turning to other sources of crude and competing with other buyers for barrels and ships. That’s pushed oil prices higher and fueled a historic rally in freight.

由于伊朗的原油出口计划受到阻碍,德黑兰加大了对通过霍尔木兹海峡(Hormuz Strait)运输石油的船只的攻击力度。根据英国海军下属机构“Maritime Trade Operations”发布的警报,10月的前两周内,共有25艘船只在该海峡及其周边地区遭到袭击;而整个9月份仅有18起类似事件,8月份则为15起。
As Iran has been thwarted in its attempts to export its production, Tehran has stepped up attacks on vessels transiting the Strait of Hormuz, which connects the Persian Gulf to the open seas. In the first two weeks of October, 25 ships were targeted in and around the chokepoint, compared with 18 incidents reported for the whole of September and 15 in August, according to alerts sent out by UK Maritime Trade Operations, a unit of the country’s navy.
霍尔木兹东端的贾斯克港仅占伊朗原油出口贸易的一小部分。虽然霍尔木兹岛已处于闲置状态,但卫星图像显示,在此期间也没有油轮在贾斯克港停靠。
Kharg Island handles almost all of Iran’s crude exports, with Jask — a port at the eastern end of Hormuz — accounting for just a small percentage of the trade. While Kharg has been idle, no tankers have been seen berthed at Jask either, the satellite images show.
彭博新闻审查的这些图像来自欧盟的哨兵1号和2号卫星。这些卫星每隔几天会分别飞越该岛上方,任意两幅图像之间的最大间隔为三天。在霍尔木兹岛装载一艘超大型原油运输船通常需要大约24至48小时。
The images reviewed by Bloomberg News were taken from the EU’s Sentinel 1 and 2 orbiters. They pass separately over the island every few days, and the longest gap between any of their images was three days. It typically takes about 24 to 48 hours to fully load a very large crude carrier at Kharg Island.
10月10日,卫星图像显示有一艘小型船只似乎停靠在港口,打破了长达40天的休眠期。但该船只的自动定位信号显示,它是一艘名为“克拉维尔”号的化学品/产品油轮,一直在伊朗各港口之间往返。
A small ship appeared berthed on Oct. 10, seemingly breaking the 40-day period of dormancy. But its automated position signals identified it as the chemicals/products tanker Clavel, which has been shuttling between Iranian ports.
此外,在9月12日至9月15日期间,至少有两艘油轮被看到停靠在霍尔木兹岛东南端的码头上,但这些码头仅用于处理液化石油气和硫磺的装运。
Separately, at least two tankers were seen docked at jetties off Kharg Island’s southeast tip between Sept. 12 and Sept. 15, but those are only used to handle shipments of liquefied petroleum gas and sulfur.