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特斯拉新款时速230英里汽车究竟如何“飞”起来Here’s Exactly How Tesla Made Its New 230-Mph Car ‘Fly’

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在得克萨斯州麦格雷戈SpaceX火箭研发与试验设施的揭幕仪式上,这款两座Roadster 2自行越过该汽车制造商的整个产品阵容,从0到每小时60英里的加速时间不足一秒,随后从高坡道倒驶而下,在空中翻转并落回地面,利用车载推进器缓冲快速下降。

During the reveal in McGregor, Texas, at SpaceX’s rocket development and testing facility, the two-seater Roadster 2 launched itself over the automaker’s entire lineup, shot from 0 to 60 mph in less than a second, and then drove upside down off a high ramp to then flip over mid-air and land back down on the ground, cushioning its rapid descent using on-board thrusters.

这一切都非常适合制作社交媒体短视频(尽管在发稿时,特斯拉股价在活动后有所下跌),但特斯拉究竟如何让其新款电动车原型车完成这些特技?特斯拉汽车工程负责人拉尔斯·莫拉维在昨天活动前,接受汽车生活方式与保险品牌Hagerty的详细采访,解释了Roadster 2的工作原理。

All this was pure gold for social clips (though at the time of publication, Tesla’s stock price was down after the event), but how did Tesla make its new EV prototype perform these tricks? Tesla vehicle engineering head Lars Moravy went into detail with auto lifestyle and insurance brand Hagerty before yesterday’s event, explaining how the Roadster 2 works.

自2008年起担任特斯拉首席设计师的弗朗茨·冯·霍尔豪森设计了这款车棱角分明的外观。他还主导了赛博皮卡、S、X、3和Y车型以及半挂牵引车的外观设计。黑色车窗遮挡了电动车内部的视线,而车内本来也没有人类驾驶员,因为正如马斯克所说,特斯拉希望“确保在违背重力的演示中不会杀死任何人”。

Franz von Holzhausen, Tesla’s chief designer since 2008, designed the angular exterior. He also helmed the aesthetic of the Cybertruck, Models S, X, 3 and Y, as well as the Semi. Blacked-out windows obscured any view inside the EV, which carried no human driver anyway because, as Musk said, Tesla wanted “to make sure we don’t kill anyone” during the gravity-defying demonstration.

动力系统与电池 Roadster 2将仅采用后轮驱动,这与特斯拉一贯的全轮驱动电动车路线有所不同。两台电机将输出超过一兆瓦的功率(1341马力)和超过1400牛·米的扭矩,这意味着这款车的扭矩和功率将超过三电机Plaid车型。但所有动力都仅通过后轮传递。

Powertrain and Battery The Roadster 2 will be rear-wheel drive only, a departure from Tesla’s track record of all-wheel drive EVs. Two motors will deliver over a megawatt of power (1,341 horsepower) and over 1,400 Newton-meters (Nm) of torque, meaning this car will have more torque and power than a three-motor Plaid. But all of that power goes through just the rear wheels.

据莫拉维介绍,这款车重量轻,仅“略低于1700公斤”(不到2吨),尽管尺寸更大,但并不比原版1300公斤(1.4吨)Roadster重得多。

The car will be light, at “just under 1,700 kilos” (under 2 tons), according to Moravy, not significantly heavier than the original 1,300 kg (1.4 tons) Roadster, despite a larger size.

特斯拉声称Roadster的续航里程超过300英里,并希望通过为这款电动车配备该汽车制造商有史以来生产的最快充电电池来弥补这一明显平庸的续航里程,该电池据称能够在10分钟内将电量从15%提升至80%。

Tesla claims a range of over 300 miles for the Roadster and hopes to mitigate this distinctly average range by also giving the EV the fastest-charging battery the automaker has ever produced, supposedly capable of zipping from 15 to 80 percent in 10 minutes.

在2013年的一场拍卖会上,埃隆·马斯克以近100万美元的价格购得了那辆在1977年詹姆斯·邦德电影《海底城》中出场的标志性“湿漉漉的妮莉”款莲花Esprit S1潜水车。马斯克对这些邦德系列相关纪念品极为钟爱,这种喜爱显然也启发了Roadster 2车型的一项关键功能设计。

Sucking Fans At a 2013 auction, Elon Musk bought the iconic "Wet Nellie" Lotus Esprit S1 submarine car from the 1977 James Bond film The Spy Who Loved Me for just shy of $1 million. Musk is so taken with his Bond memorabilia that it apparently inspired one of the Roadster 2's key abilities.

那辆邦德电影中的潜水车尾部装有四个螺旋桨,因此特斯拉便效仿这一设计,在Roadster 2上安装了四个功率均为20千瓦的风扇。据莫拉维介绍,这些风扇打破了轮胎物理特性的常规限制,形成了特斯拉所称的“吸附系统”,从而大幅提升了电动汽车的抓地力。当车辆处于低速行驶状态、空气动力学尾翼尚未能产生足够下压力时,四个可独立更换的裙边会从车身两侧降下,帮助车辆牢牢“吸附”在路面上。

That submarine Bond car has four propellers at its rear, so Tesla decided to ape this with four 20-kilowatt fans on the Roadster 2. Moravy says these fans break the laws of tire physics and dramatically increase the EV's traction by becoming what Tesla calls the car’s “sucker system.”Four independent replaceable skirts drop down on the sides of the car, allowing the Roadster 2 to stick (or suck) to the road at lower speeds where its aerodynamic wings aren't yet contributing to downforce.

莫拉维称,即便车速低于50英里/小时,这套系统也能让车辆在转弯时产生超过2G的横向加速度。

Moravy claims the system can produce over two Gs in a corner when accelerating, even below 50 mph.

这种空气动力学操控技术同样出现在McMurtry Spéirling Pure车型上:该车配备了两台最高转速可达每分钟23,000转的高速电动风扇,可主动将底盘下方的空气抽走,从而产生最高达2,000公斤(约4,400磅)的下压力。

This type of aerodynamic manipulation also appears on the McMurtry Spéirling Pure, which uses two high-speed electric fans spinning at up to 23,000 revolutions per minute to actively suck air from underneath the chassis, generating up to 2,000 kg (around 4,400 pounds) of downforce.

正是这种强大的吸附力,才使得Roadster 2能够在德克萨斯州的演示活动中沿着垂直坡道行驶,甚至在倒立状态下也能牢牢贴附在坡面上。

This extreme suction lets the Roadster 2 drive up the vertical ramp at the Texas demonstration and hold onto the surface even when upside down.

至于Roadster 2如何实现悬停、姿态调整以及坠落缓冲呢?这要归功于特斯拉所称的“SpaceX系统”——该系统以马斯克旗下的航天公司SpaceX命名,后者也参与了该车型相关技术的研发工作。最初Roadster车型的设计方案是2+2座布局,如今则改为双座设计,因为座椅后方安装了一个容积达200升的碳纤维包裹式压力容器,其可承受最高10,000磅/平方英寸的压力,用于为车辆的冷气推进器供能。

Rocket-Powered Thrust So how does the Roadster 2 hover, correct itself, and dampen its fall? That's thanks to what Tesla calls the car’s “SpaceX system,” referring to Musk’s aerospace company, which helped with this part of the car’s development. Originally, the Roadster was meant to have a 2+2 cabin.

这些推进器利用高压氮气的膨胀产生推力,这项技术原本多用于航天器的姿态稳定控制。冷气推进器可视为火箭发动机最基础的形式。

Now it’s a two-seater because behind the seats sits a 200-liter carbon-overwrapped pressure vessel (COPV) that holds up to 10,000 PSI to supply the car’s cold gas thrusters, which use expansion of pressurized nitrogen gas to generate thrust, a tech predominantly used for spacecraft stabilization. Cold gas thrusters are the simplest manifestation of a rocket engine.

这套吸附系统与推进器的组合,据说能让汽车在不到一秒的时间内从静止加速至时速60英里。在这种启动模式下,莫拉维称后置推进器能产生超过8万牛顿的推力,这一数值惊人地与达索猎鹰10X喷气式飞机的推力水平相当。特斯拉似乎已成功实现了“一秒内加速”的目标,而此前提到的麦克默特里·斯佩林Pure车型完成同样加速过程则需要1.3秒,实在令人心惊。在如此惊人的加速过程中,驾驶员将承受最高达5个G的过载力。

This combination of suction system and thrusters helps the car hit 0 to 60 mph in supposedly under a second. In this launch mode, Moravy says the rear thrusters produce more than 80 kilonewtons of thrust, which, staggeringly, matches the Dassault Falcon 10X jet. Tesla has seemingly cracked the sub-second race, while the aforementioned McMurtry Spéirling Pure can only manage this feat in a bowel-clenching 1.3 seconds. During this astonishing acceleration, the driver will endure up to 5 Gs.

Roadster 2的性能版车型仅配备吸附系统而不带推进器,因此其从静止加速至时速60英里需要1.6秒,最高时速为210英里。而配备全套系统的推进版车型最高时速则可达230英里。

The Roadster 2's Performance model will feature the sucker system and no thrusters, so 0 to 60 will take a touch longer at 1.6 seconds and a top speed of 210 mph. The Thrust model gets the whole package and a top speed of 230 mph.

莫拉维在Hagerty的演示视频中称这套装置为“飞行系统”,该系统需要额外配备一个容积为400升的低温气体储气罐,该罐体占据了原本乘客座椅的位置,使得车辆变为单座设计;这样一来,整套推进系统所需的燃料总量便达到了600升。这套“飞行系统”还需要额外安装六个推进器:四个分别位于车身四角,另外两个置于车头用于实现偏航控制。

Moravy says the “flight system,” as he calls it in Hagerty’s walkthrough, requires yet another 400-liter cold gas COPV, occupying the space where the passenger seat is, making the car a single-seater and bringing total thrust fuel up to 600 liters. This “flight system” also requires six extra thrusters: one in each corner, plus two at the front to yaw.

与在太空中冷气推进器能持续输出恒定推力直至燃料耗尽的情况不同,在地球上随着压缩气体逐渐消耗,“飞行系统”的推力也会随之减弱。莫拉维将其比作吹气球后放气的过程:“当我打开气球口,气体会全部涌出,随后流量便开始逐渐减少。这里的情况也完全类似。”据悉,为600升氮气罐重新充气需要特斯拉花费六到七个小时,不过该公司据称正在研发一种能将这一时间大幅缩短至30分钟的填充系统。

Bursting the Balloon Unlike in space, where cold gas thrusters provide consistent levels of thrust until the last drop of fuel is used, on Earth the “flight system” will lose thrust as the compressed gas depletes. Moravy likens it to blowing up a balloon then letting the air out: “When I open the end of a balloon, all the gas comes out, and at a certain point, it starts tapering off. That same thing will happen here.”Apparently, refilling the 600-liter nitrogen tanks takes Tesla six to seven hours, but the company is supposedly working on a system to dramatically reduce this to 30 minutes.

目前的Roadster 2原型车正被用于进一步开发,生产要到2028年才会开始——但请记住,马斯克此前曾表示Roadster交付将在2020年就开始,所以这个消息需要非常谨慎对待。这里还不包括联邦航空管理局对这辆“飞行”汽车的反应。

The current Roadster 2 prototypes are being used for further development, and production won’t begin until 2028—but remember that Musk previously said Roadster deliveries would begin in 2020, so take this with a very large pinch of salt. That's without talking about how the Federal Aviation Administration will react to this "flying" car.

尽管如此,对于特斯拉的忠实粉丝来说,预订页面已经上线,支付5000美元的预订费即可锁定性能版,随后需在10天内支付额外的45000美元。推力版则需先支付5000美元的初始费用,随后在10天内需支付高达245000美元。

Still, for the Tesla faithful, a reservation page is already live where a $5,000 reservation fee secures the Performance variant, with an additional $45,000 due within 10 days. The Thrust is available for an initial $5,000 fee, with a whopping $245,000 due within 10 days.